Who Invented the Television?

Television is not the Truth. Television is god-damned amusement park. Television is a circus, a carnival, a traveling troupe of acrobats, storytellers, dancers, singers, jugglers, sideshow freaks, lion tamers and football players. - Paddy Chayefsky
The invention of television is not a one line answer. It's a story. It can start from Count Volta who gave us static electricity in 1775, and can continue even after the first practical implementation of LED was invented by Nick Holonyak Jr. in 1962.

But yes, without any doubts, the first person to invent a fully functional all-electronic television system, was Philo T. Farnsworth in 1927.

Conception of Television
With Joseph Henry and Michael Faraday's discovery of self and mutual induction of electromagnetism (individually), the avenues for electronic communication became plausible. But the idea of transmitting moving images, was not an example of serendipity. It was a result of cumulative inventions and contributions.

Well, it all might have started with the discovery of photo-conductivity of Selenium by Joseph May in 1872. He, together with his supervisor Willoughby Smith, suggested using selenium photocells to capture the light reflected from any image. They called it 'visual telegraph', which was based on Abbe Giovanna Caselli's Pantelegraph (1862). During this period, many scientists around the world proposed several theories, the notable being of George R. Carey, Eugen Goldstein and Sheldon Bidwell.

In 1876, Alexander Bell invented the 'telephone', and in 1883, a German student, Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, made the first breakthrough in the history of television. Based on Bell's telephone, he made his own microphone, and using a spiral-perforated disk (Nipkow Disk), he made the first electromechanical television scanning system, on the Christmas Eve of 1884. He patented the scanning disk as electric telescope. Though Alexander Bain had transmitted images over a distance via electrical 'pantelegraph' in 1943, the Nipkow disk improvised on the process of encoding.

In Nipkow's design, however great, there was a problem that he failed to solve - the mechanical process of scanning the images. Boris Rosing, a Russian inventor, improved Nipkow's design, by implementing a mechanical camera device with a cathode ray tube on the receiving end. In 1906, he built the first working mechanical TV system.
Invention of Mechanical Television
During the late 19th century, several discoveries, inventions and improvements were made, which gave the world its first practical and publicly demonstrated television system. As hard as it is to believe, John Logie Baird built the first television using just an old hatbox, pair of scissors, some needles, bicycle lamps, and some sealing wax. In early 1924, in a demonstration for the Radio Times, he transmitted moving silhouette images, confirming that a semi-mechanical analog television system can exist.

On 25th March 1925, he began a three-week series of public display in a departmental store in Soho, London. It was the first public display of moving silhouette images by television. He improved his design, and in 1926, demonstrated moving monochromatic images. The Nipkow disk that Baird improved for his mechanical television, produced a 30-line resolution, enough to identify a human face.

Baird's version of the mechanical television was never adopted, and was not even feasible for a standard format for the present day television. But, Baird succeeded where others had failed. He was the first to transmit a moving picture from one place to another. While Baird was busy in London, Charles Francis Jenkins was working on his design of mechanical television in Washington. It is reported that on 13th June 1925, he demonstrated publicly, a synchronized image and sound transmission, in the presence of a few witnesses.
Invention of Electronic Television
The huge apparatus of mechanical television gradually rendered it obsolete. Scientists moved on to find an alternative. With improvements in the cathode ray tubes, the prospects of an emerging technology became evident.

In 1908, perhaps the first idea of an all-electronic television was published in Nature. It was a letter from Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton, wherein he proposed the use of cathode ray tube as receiver and also as transmitter. Many others worked and propounded on this theory. The ones who succeeded were Philo T Farnsworth, Vladimir K. Zworykin and Klmn Tihanyi.

Philo Taylor Farnsworth was a child prodigy. He was only fifteen when he formed the principle for Image Dissector, a video camera tube. He successfully produced the first television transmission in his San Francisco lab on 7th September 1927. He etched a single line on a smoked glass slide and placed it in the projector. The people in another room, the viewing room, could see the line at the other end of the vacuum tube. Phil improved his system for a press demonstration in September 1928. He first displayed the live images of a human face, precisely the face of his wife, Pem, in 1929.

In another part of America, a Russian engineer, Vladimir Zworykin, was also working on a similar system. He developed an electronic method of scanning images on a screen, which could be read by an electron beam, and could transmit information to the receiving cathode tube. The results were very coarse images. But he did develop a television setup that is the basis of present technology, however, it was rudimentary.

Farnsworth and Zworykin were both working on similar designs at the same time, and had filed a patent for each. A legal battle ensued and Farnsworth was credited with the invention of Electronic Television. However, Zworykin's contributions have been equally important.

Klmn Tihanyi, a Hungarian physicist, developed a technology known as 'storage principle'. It solved the major problem in Farnsworth and Zworykin's television system - low electrical output resulted from low sensitivity to light. All kinds of contemporary image sensors still rely on the storage and charge principle devised by Tihanyi.
The Developments
Manfred von Ardenne, a German inventor, developed a television system that used cathode ray tube as flying spot scanner to scan the images to slides. He first demonstrated his design at the Berlin Radio Show in August 1931.

Three years later, on 25th August 1934, Farnsworth gave the world its first all electronic television system demonstration with a live camera.

Zworykin developed and patented Iconoscope in 1933, a new tube with better sensitivity to light. It was an improved version of Tihanyi's storage principle.
Further Developments
The television sets at our home have come a long way from Baird's hatbox version. We have a variety of technology to choose from. These technologies were made possible by:

• Emitron: Isaac Shoenberg
• Color Television: Jan Szczepanik
• Plasma Diplay: Klmn Tihanyi
• Flat Screen: General Electric (GE)
• Liquid Crystal Display: James Fergason

Honorable Mentions

Year	Pioneers	Inventions and Discoveries
1775	Alessandro Volta	Static Electricity
1791	Luigi Galvani	Galvanic Electricity
1794	Robert Baker	Panorama
1801	Thomas Young	Wave Theory of Light
1807	Dr. Wollaston	Camera Lucida
1808	Humphry Davy	Electric Arc Light
1817	Jns Jakob Berzelius	Selenium
1827	Charles Wheatstone	Microphone
1830	Michael Faraday	Electromagnetic Induction
1832	Joseph Plateau	Phantascope
1862	Giovanni Caselli	Pantelegraph
1873	Joseph May and Willoughby Smith	Photoconductivity of Selenium
1876	Alexander Graham Bell	Telephone
1884	Thomas Alva Edison	Edison Effect
1893	Nikola Tesla	Remote Control
1895	Guglielmo Marconi	Radio Transmission
1897	Karl Braun	Cathode Ray Tube
1899	Julius Elster and Hans Geitel	Luminous Imagery
1906	Lee De Forest	Audion vacuum tube
1906	Reginald Fessenden	Wireless Telephony
1939	Fritz Fischer	Eidophor
1940	Peter Goldmark	Color Television (343-line Resolution)
1953	Robert Adler	Zenith Space Commander

"I find television very educating. Every time somebody turns on the set, I go into the other room and read a book." - Groucho Marx